1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。
He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。
2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。Don't judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。
3.表示时间,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。
4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。The bullet missed me by two inches.那**以两英寸之差未击中我。
5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行
